摘要： 《民法典》第1165条第1款是侵权法中过错责任的一般规定,规范意旨在于填补损害、抑制侵权和保障行为自由。体系关联上,《民法典》中诸多规定属于该款之特别法。行为人承担过错损害赔偿责任时,须以其行为有违法性为前提。若不将违法性作为独立要件,第1165条第1款所指示之构成要件可分为:可赔偿的损害、过错行为与因果关系。违法性既可用来阐明损害之可赔偿性,也可用来阐明行为之过错。各构成要件中,可赔偿的损害涉及违约责任与侵权责任之区分以及纯粹经济损失之可赔偿性等问题;过错行为在第1165条第1款并未被区分为故意和过失,可以理性人标准统一判断;因果关系上可采事实因果关系和法律因果关系两分法。过错和法律因果关系都涉及可预见性,前者中的可预见性针对“某种”不合理的损害,而后者中的可预见性针对具体案件中的“这种”损害。就一般侵权构成要件中法理,须结合重点案型,如应收账款确认案型、医疗损害参与度案型、指导案例24号案型等,进行阐明。

关键词: 一般侵权的构成要件, 可赔偿的损害, 过错行为, 事实因果关系, 法律因果关系

Abstract: Article 1165 (1) of the Civil Code is a general provision on fault liability in tort law, which aims to compensate victim, prevent injury, and safeguard freedom of conduct.In terms of system correlation, many provisions in the Civil Code belong to the special law of this paragraph.When the actors are responsible, it must be based on the illegality of their behavior.If illegality is not treated as an independent element, the constituent elements indicated in Article 1165 (1) can be divided into three: compensable damage, fault behavior, and causation.Illegality can be used to clarify either the compensability of damage or the fault of the act.Among the constituent elements, the topics with compensable damages involve the distinction between breach of contract liability and tort liability, as well as the compensability of pure economic losses.Fault behavior is not distinguished as intentional or negligent in Paragraph 1 of Article 1165, and can be judged uniformly according to the standard of a reasonable person.The causation can be divided into factual causation and legal causation.Both fault and legal causation involve foreseeability, with the foreseeability in the former targeting “some kind of” unreasonable damages, while the foreseeability in the latter targeting “this kind of” damages in specific cases.In order to clarify the legal principles in Article 1165 (1), it is necessary to examine some important case types, such as accounts receivable confirmation, participation level in medical injury, and no.24 of guiding cases, etc.

Key words: Constituent Elements of General Tort, Compensable Damage, Fault Behavior, Factual Causation, Legal Causation