摘要：

通说认为汇款人对于错误汇款享有不当得利返还请求权，属于普通债权，不具有优先地位，该观点值得反思。学说上侧重对“货币占有即所有原则”的反思，提出价值返还请求权说、存款债权所有说、代偿取回权说、推定信托与衡平留置说以赋予错误汇款人优先地位，但各说均有不足。债权通常不能排除强制执行，也不能在破产中作为取回权的依据，如果要赋予债权优先地位，需要有特别的正当性理由。风险承担理论与一般债权人地位不变理论构成债权获得优先地位的正当性理由。错误汇款案型，汇款人作为非自愿债权人，没有承受债务人将来不能清偿债务的风险，并且赋予其优先地位不会损害债务人之一般债权人在假使无不当得利发生时本应处的地位，因此满足赋予债权优先地位的正当性理由。一般债权人地位不变理论要求错汇款项满足特定化要求。对于特定化的判断标准，司法实践呈现出从严到宽四种标准，其中最严苛的标准是账户要以特户、封金、保证金等特殊形式特定化，最宽松的标准是允许款项混合，但是不允许款项流出。规则设计上，宜进一步放宽，采用中间最低余额标准，在款项发生流出时也承认特定化。

关键词: 错误汇款, 不当得利, 返还, 优先地位, 最低中间余额

Abstract:

If a payer transfers deposit money to a payee by mistake，the payer has a restitution claim based on unjust enrichment against the payee.Such claim is regarded as personal and should follow the pari passu principle.This idea should be reexamined.In order to vest payers priority，theories such as claim for value restitution，ownership of obligatory right of deposit money，the recall right of the compensation，constructive trust and equitable lien，stress on criticism of“occupation is ownership”.However，each doctrine has its own defects.In general，a creditor cannot fight against other creditors in the enforcement procedures，he cannot exercise recall right in bankruptcy neither.Specific justification must be required for giving priority of obligatory rights.In mistaken bank transfers cases，as an involuntary creditor，the payer should not bear the additional risks that flow from the payee's insolvency.In addition，giving restitution claims priority to the extent of the mistaken transferred money will do no more than return the unsecured parties to the situation that they would have enjoyed were it not for the unjust enrichment.Therefore，giving payers' restitution claim priority can be justified.Justification for priority requires that the mistaken transferred money can be identified.Courts adopt different measures in judging identification.The strictest standard is that payee's bank account must be identified in special isolated forms；the relatively loose standard is permitting identification into a commingled fund without withdrawals.This standard should be loosened further and“lowest intermediate balance”rule should be adopted.

Key words: Mistaken Bank Transfers, Unjust Enrichment, Restitution, Priority, Lowest Intermediate Balance