摘要： 《民法典》第979条的结构较为复杂。本条除规定无因管理的构成要件外,还规定了管理人的必要费用偿还及损失适当补偿请求权,以及受益人对管理人请求权的成立抗辩及该抗辩的排除。管理人所具有的管理意思,即为避免他人利益受损失的意思,是判断本条无因管理成立的重要要件。对于管理人介入事务时所不具有的法定或约定义务,应当进行客观判断。在对他人事务进行界定时,应当结合管理人的管理意思进行统一判断。本条第2款并未采取“适法无因管理理论”,而是通过授予受益人抗辩的方式阻却管理人请求权的成立,不过该抗辩将因受益人的真实意思违法背俗时被排除。在无因管理成立时,管理人除可以请求必要费用的偿还之外,还可以向受益人请求其因事务管理所受损失的适当补偿。管理人的损失补偿请求权突破了传统理论对无因管理仅限于矫正财产异常状态的制度定位,使我国的无因管理制度能够适用于紧急救助和见义勇为的场合。

关键词: 无因管理, 管理意思, 必要费用, 适当补偿

Abstract: The structure of Article 979 of the Civil Code is somehow complex. In addition to the constituent elements of Negotiorum Gestio, this article also provides for the administrator's right to claim reimbursement of necessary expenses and appropriate compensation for damage, as well as the beneficiary's defence to the establishment of the administrator's claim and the exclusion of that defence. The administrator's intention to manage, i.e. to avoid damage to the interests of others, is an important element in determining the establishment of Negotiorum Gestio under this section. The absence of a statutory or contractual obligation on the part of the administrator to intervene in the affairs of others should be judged objectively. When defining the affairs of another person, a uniform judgement should be made in relation to the administrator's intention to manage. Paragraph 2 of this article does not adopt the “doctrine of the justified Negotiorum Gestio”, but rather blocks the establishment of the administrator's claim by granting a defence to the beneficiary, which will, however, be excluded if the beneficiary's true intention is unlawful. In the event of an uncaused administration, the administrator may claim from the beneficiary, in addition to reimbursement of necessary expenses, appropriate compensation for the loss suffered as a result of the administration of his affairs. The administrator's right to claim compensation for damages breaks through the traditional doctrine that limits the system of uncaused administration to the correction of an abnormal state of property, and enables our uncaused administration system to be applied in the context of emergency relief and righteousness.

Key words: Negotiorum Gestio, Intention to Manage, Necessary Expenses, Appropriate Compensation