摘要： 《民法典》第1191条与第1192条规定的用人者责任,与第1193条规定的承揽人责任对应,构成用人者替代责任与承揽人自己责任的“1:1”二元模式。此种二元模式系历史演进的结果。作为区分两种责任的基础,用工关系与承揽关系之间是相互定义的,应依控制力标准来区分两者:当存在控制、支配或从属关系时,构成“用人者—被使用人”关系,从而适用用人者责任规则;否则构成“定作人—承揽人”关系,从而适用承揽人责任规则;非属用工关系者,即属承揽关系。当视角转向民法之外时,即可发现劳务关系、不完全符合确立劳动关系情形与劳动关系,构成了从属性、控制力逐渐增强的递进型三分模式。

关键词: 用人者责任, 替代责任, 雇主责任, 承揽人责任, 控制力标准

Abstract: The user's liability stipulated in Article 1191 and Article 1192 of the Civil Code corresponds to the independent contractor's liability stipulated in Article 1193, which constitutes a “1:1” dualistic model of the user's vicarious liability and the independent contractor's own liability.This kind of dualistic model has evolved through certain history.As the basis for distinguishing the two responsibilities, the employment relationship and the independent contract relationship are mutually defined and should be distinguished according to the control test.When there is a relationship of control, domination or subordination, it constitutes an “user-used person” relationship, and thus applies the user's liability rule; Otherwise, it constitutes an “ordering party-independent contractor” relationship, and thus applies the independent contractor's liability rule.If it is not an employment relationship, it is a contracting relationship.When the perspective is turned beyond the civil law, it can be found that with the gradual enhancement of subordination and control, service relationship, relationship which not fully corresponds with labor relationship and labor relationship constitutes a progressive trichotomous pattern.

Key words: User's Liability, Vicarious Liability, Employer's Liability, Independent Contractor's Liability, Control Test