摘要： 国家实施网络行动可能违反国际义务。既有学理讨论和国家立场文件指向一个共识:在国际法上审视网络行动的不法性,需要对该行动的损害后果作出法律评估;一旦越过所要求的损害后果门槛,即可认定其违反特定义务。根据相关国际法理,通过构建“划界—分类—统合”的法律推理框架,指导评估网络行动的损害后果。通过因果关系分析划定适合纳入法律考量的后果范围,借助类型化思路深入把握网络行动导致的物理损害和非物理损害,最终依照不同情况需要形成总体损害评估。运用此推理框架检视关于法定损害门槛的代表性观点,有助于补全既有讨论中的缺漏,澄清乃至消弭不同观点间的分歧,增强后续争论中相关用语的内在一致性。

关键词: 网络行动, 国际义务, 损害后果, 法律门槛, 国家立场

Abstract: State-sponsored cyber operations could amount to violation of international obligations.Existed discussions and states' position papers reveal a current consensus that, to scrutinize state's cyber operation under international law requires a legal assessment of the harmful effects of the conduct in question, which, once meet certain threshold of effects, could be argued as inconsistent with relevant obligations.Based on related jurisprudence in international law and the state-of-the-art understanding of the nature of cyber operations, a legal reasoning framework of “delineation-categorization-synthesization” can be constructed to assess the harmful consequences of an accused state's cyber operation.Causality analysis can help define the appropriate range of outcomes to be considered in legal analysis.By way of typology, the physical and non-physical harms inflicted by cyber operation can be better analyzed.The proposed framework can also be adopted to revisit representative viewpoints on legal thresholds expressed in state position papers and academic discussions.In doing so, it tries to fill in the gap of current literature on cyberspace international law, to clarify or even eliminate divergencies of opposite views, and to enhance the consistency of the wording and concepts in future debate.

Key words: Cyber Operation, Breach of International Obligation, Harmful Effect, Legal Threshold, State Positions