摘要： 2024年新《公司法》的限期认缴制改革,看似只是股东出资期限的理性回归,实则是股东出资义务与责任制度的创新重构。股东出资义务的约定属性逐渐变弱,法定属性趋于增强,时效属性面临修正。公司设立时发起人的资本充实责任限缩,有利于鼓励股东投资创业。股东失权机制的公司法引入,填补了股东出资承诺兑现的合同法救济不足,失权股东对公司负有差额损失赔偿责任,无过错其他股东的比例出资责任应当慎用。加速到期机制的公司法突破,填补了债权人代位权的救济不足,只要公司不能清偿到期债务,到期债权人就有权起诉股东并获得直接受偿。股权转让责任配置的公司法填补,矫正了民法债务承担理论对善意股权交易方的利益失衡,未届期股权转让方责任须区分债权形成时间等因素进行个案判断,瑕疵股权受让方有权主张善意抗辩与追偿权救济。公司债权人的利益保护,应从优先保护转向效率保护。我国股东出资责任的司法解释方向,应当更好地实现股东有限责任,而不是弱化其有限责任。

关键词: 认缴制改革, 股东出资责任, 债权人保护, 行为法逻辑, 组织法逻辑

Abstract: The reform of limited subscription system in the new “Company Law” in 2024 seems to be only the rational return of shareholders' capital contribution period, but in fact it is the innovative reconstruction of shareholders capital contribution obligation and responsibility system.When the company is established, the sponsors' responsibility for capital enrichment is limited, which is conducive to encouraging shareholders to invest and start businesses.The introduction of the company law of the shareholder's loss of power mechanism fills the deficiency of the relief of the contract law in which the shareholder's capital contribution commitment is fulfilled.The shareholder who has lost power is liable for the company's differential loss, and the proportional capital contribution liability of other shareholders without fault should be used with caution.The innovation of company law to accelerate the maturity mechanism fills the deficiency of creditor's subrogation.As long as the company cant pay off the debts due, the creditors due have the right to sue the shareholders and get direct compensation.The revision of the company law on the allocation of liability for equity transfer has corrected the imbalance of interests of bona fide equity traders in the civil law debt assumption theory, and the responsibility of the unexpired equity transferor must be judged on a case-by-case basis by distinguishing the formation time of creditor's rights, and the transferee of defective equity transfer responsibility has the right to claim bona fide exemption defense.The direction of judicial interpretation of shareholders' capital contribution responsibility in China should better realize shareholders' limited liability, rather than weaken it.

Key words: Subscription System Reform, Shareholder's Capital Contribution Responsibility, Creditor's Protection, Logic Behavior Law, Logic Organization Law