摘要： 在《民法典》第170条第2款基础上,《合同编通则解释》第21条第1款明确了法人、非法人组织的工作人员越权行为可以适用表见代理,这却在职务代理中易被滥用。第21条第2款规定了超越职权范围的几种情形,并包括不属于通常情形下依其职权可以处理的事项。但反之,对于通常情形下依其职权可以处理的事项,即便工作人员超越职权范围,却因职权外观的存在以及第21条第3款中被代理人较重的证明责任,几乎必然适用表见代理规则。实践中,针对超越职权范围的表见代理,应当有效区分职权外观和代理权外观。一方面,需要综合代理权外观表象、交易异常因素等个案情况审查相对人的信赖是否具有合理性。另一方面,还需要考虑被代理人的可归责性,此举既可以避免商事组织承担其完全无法防范的工作人员越权风险,同时也可以在相对人未尽到必要注意义务时排除商事组织的合同责任。

关键词: 职务行为, 代理权外观, 合理信赖, 合理注意义务

Abstract: Based on Article 170, Paragraph 2 of the Civil Code, Article 21, Paragraph 1 of the Interpretation of the General Provisions of the Contract Code clearly stipulates that the act of exceeding authority by the staff of legal persons and unincorporated organizations can be subject to apparent agency.Article 21, paragraph 2, provides for a number of circumstances beyond the scope of its competence, including matters that do not normally fall under its competence.On the contrary, for matters that would normally be dealt with under his or her authority, even if the staff member exceeded his or her authority, the apparent agency rule would almost necessarily apply because of the appearance of the authority and the heavier burden of proof of the principal in article 21, paragraph 3.In practice, for apparent agency beyond the scope of authority, we should effectively distinguish the appearance of authority and the appearance of agency power.On the one hand, it is necessary to examine whether the counterpart's trust is reasonable by combining the appearance of agency power and abnormal transaction factors.On the other hand, it is also necessary to consider the liability of the principal, which can not only avoid the risk of staff overreach that the commercial organization cannot prevent, but also can be understood as excluding the contractual liability of the commercial organization when the counterpart fails to fulfill the necessary duty of care.

Key words: Official Conduct, The Appearance of Agency Rights, Reasonable Reliance, Duty of Reasonable Care