摘要： 混淆行为居各类不正当竞争行为之首,2017年和2025年《反不正当竞争法》修订均将其作为重点条款,不断明确其法律定位和完善内容。经历次法律修订,混淆行为条款经历了由混杂到单一、由仿冒标识行为到市场混淆行为以及由封闭性规范到开放性规范的立法转变,形成了以所有混淆行为为调整对象、以足以产生市场混淆为根本要件并兼有开放性和排他性的制度架构和法律定位。混淆行为条款并不限于商业标识的混淆,还应包括其他任何混淆行为以形成一种领域性法律调整的闭环,并应当排除依照一般条款认定同类行为,因而呈现出“自身违法”、领域性与排他性的法律特性。在竞争自由与竞争公平不同模式之下,《反不正当竞争法》第7条的适用应当坚持市场混淆的强约束,选择竞争自由的政策目标和价值取向,防止泛泛地依据“搭便车”“不劳而获”之类的公平竞争观念,不适当地扩展商业标识或者相关商业成果的保护范围。

关键词: 不正当竞争行为, 混淆行为, 商业标识, 《保护工业产权巴黎公约》, 反不正当竞争法

Abstract: As the predominant form of unfair competition acts, confusion acts have been prioritized in the 2017 and 2025 revisions of China's Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), with ongoing refinements to the legal positioning and substantive content.Through successive legislative revisions, the confusion acts clause has evolved from fragmented to unified regulations, expanded from passing off to market confusion acts, and transitioned from closed to open normative frameworks.This progression has established an institutional framework and legal positioning that regulates all confusion acts, takes market confusion as the fundamental element, and combines openness and exclusivity.The confusion acts clause is not limited to the confusion of commercial signs, but should also include any other confusion act to form a closed loop of territorial legal regulation, and should exclude the recognition of similar act according to general terms, thus presenting the legal characteristics of “per se illegality”, territoriality and exclusivity.Under the different modes of competition freedom and competition fairness, the application of Article 7 of the AUCL should uphold the strong constraint of market confusion, choose the policy objectives and value orientation of competition freedom, and prevent the inappropriate expansion of the protection scope of commercial sings or related commercial achievements based on the general concept of fair competition such as “free riding” and “getting something for nothing”.

Key words: Unfair Competition Acts, Confusion Acts, Commercial Sign, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Anti-Unfair Competition Law