摘要： 根据《民法典》的相关规定,《担保制度解释》第17条对担保合同自身无效和从属无效时担保人的责任条件、责任形态和范围作了颇具创制性的周密规定,但仍有诸多存疑问题值得讨论、厘清。有过错担保人的补充赔偿责任与先执行抗辩权具有同质性并可参照后者的规定;担保人的过错程度明显大于债权人时应可适当突破其赔偿责任比例的上限,而限额担保中担保人的责任比例则应作相应限缩;主合同与担保合同均存在无效事由的,应适用从属无效的规则;共同担保中数个担保合同无效的,担保人赔偿责任的比例不能累计相加,在作整体限定的前提下可以有个体差异,而担保人之间的责任形态并不因此而改变。担保合同无效法律后果规则的适用在独立保函、上市公司担保、具有整体性的担保合同和反担保、再担保合同中存在特殊情形,在非典型担保中有适用、参照适用和不适用三种情形,在主合同或担保合同存在其他效力瑕疵的情形下有参照适用和不适用两种情形。

关键词: 担保合同, 效力瑕疵, 补充赔偿责任, 非典型担保

Abstract: According to the relevant provisions of the Civil Code, Article 17 of the Interpretation of the Guarantee System sets forth an innovative and comprehensive provision on the conditions of the guarantor's responsibility, the nature and scope of the responsibility under the circumstances of the subordinate invalidity of the guarantee contract, and the invalidity of the guarantee contract itself.However, there remain many doubtful issues to be discussed and clarified.Supplementary liability of the guarantor at fault has the homogeneity with the first execution of the right of defense so that the provisions of the latter can apply to the former; it should be permissible to appropriately exceed the upper limit of the guarantor's liability proportion when its degree of fault is significantly greater than that of the creditor, whereas in the case of a limited guarantee, the guarantor's liability proportion should be correspondingly reduced.If both the main contract and the guarantee contract are invalid, the rule of subordinate invalidity of the guarantee contract should be applied; where several guarantee contracts in a joint guarantee are invalid, the proportions of the guarantors' compensation liabilities shall not be cumulatively added, and, within an overall limitation, individual variations are permissible, while the form of liability among the guarantors remains unchanged.The application of rules on legal consequences of invalidity of guarantee contracts are subject to special cases in independent guarantees, guarantees of listed companies, guarantee contracts of an integral nature, and counter-guarantees and re-guarantees; may be applicable, applicable by reference, or inapplicable in an atypical guarantee contract; and, may be applicable by reference or inapplicable if there is an effectiveness defect other than invalidity in the main contract or the guarantee contract.

Key words: Guarantee Contract, Defective Validity, Supplementary Liability, Atypical Guarantee