摘要： 在刑法立法扩张和司法出罪渠道闭塞的双重背景下,“但书”的出罪价值不容否定。“情节”范畴的多元化以及“显著”标准的模糊性,成为阻碍但书规范适用的主要原因。不过有些不当适用的问题却是人为因素导致,如将“情节显著轻微”泛化为刑罚轻缓化的另一种表述,未能处理好但书与构成要件该当的关系等。“情节显著轻微”是包含了“危害不大”在内的,兼容了行为与行为人要素的,跨越事前、事中与事后的综合性评价。这种评价模式可以弥补单一要素决定论的不足。当演绎式的单向投射思维无法提供较为清晰的裁判指引时,经验主义的归纳方式便是有益补充。“显著”与否是立足于普通公众而非法官个人的判断立场。在判断是否情节显著轻微时需注意以对行为的危害性判断为前提,慎以数量作指挥棒。基于对司法案例的审视和总结,可以构建一种“1+X”的情节显著轻微认定模式,以显性要素锁定“显著”点,再附加其他要素或者来自其他角度的论证,有倾向性地向出罪方向靠拢。

关键词: 但书, 情节显著轻微, 出罪, 裁判规则, 行为危害性

Abstract: Against the dual backdrop of expanding criminal law legislation and blocked judicial decriminalization channels, the decriminalization value of the “proviso” cannot be denied.The diversification of the “circumstance” category and the ambiguity of the “significant” standard have become the main obstacles to the application of the proviso.However, some issues of improper application are caused by human factors, such as generalizing “circumstances are significantly minor” as another expression of leniency in punishment, and failing to properly handle the relationship between the proviso clause and the constitutive requirement. “Circumstances are significantly minor” encompasses “the harm is not great” and integrates elements of behavior and the perpetrator, representing a comprehensive evaluation spanning before, during, and after the event.This evaluation model can compensate for the shortcomings of single-element determinism.When deductive, one-way projection thinking fails to provide clear judicial guidance, empirical induction serves as a useful supplement.Whether the circumstances are “significant” or not is based on the judgment stance of the general public rather than individual judges.When determining whether the circumstances are significantly minor, it is important to prioritize the harmfulness of the behavior and be cautious with using quantity as a guiding principle.Based on the examination and summary of judicial precedents, a “1+X” model for determining whether the circumstances are significantly minor can be constructed, which is explicit elements identifying the “significant” points, and supplemented by other elements or arguments from other perspectives, leaning towards the direction of decriminalization.

Key words: Proviso, Circumstances Are Significantly Minor, Decriminalization, Adjudication Rules, the Harmfulness of the Behavior