摘要： 在西欧中世纪的神明裁判和教会共誓涤罪程序中，用于开启程序的原告不可或缺。当私人告诉者不可获得时，“公共恶名”就被当作开启程序的原告。12-13世纪，教皇英诺森三世将这种古老的“隐形原告”作为新创设纠问制的程序开启者，并规定了相应的专门证明程序，因此，欧洲普通法中，纠问制被分为“证明原告存在”和“证明犯罪事实”的预备程序和审判程序。如省略前者或未能证明“公共恶名存在”，审判程序及判决结果无效，而被告享有沉默权。纠问制中的这种“公共恶名”，在后来分别演变为欧洲大陆的公共检察官制度和英国的大陪审团制度。

关键词: 西欧中世纪, 纠问制, 原告, 公共恶名

Abstract: The accuser as the initiator was always essential to set the judicial mechanism in motion in the Ordeal by thesecular courts and the Canonical purgation by the church courts in Medieva丨of Western Europe. In absence of aindividual accuser, the fama publica or public fame was used as an accuser. In the end of 12th century and at thebeginning of 13th century, Pope Innocence III justified the newly-created Inquisition by using the farm publica, asits exclusive accuser, and regulated the dichotomy of the Inquisition. Accordingly the inquisition in ius communewas divided into inquisitio famae and lnquisitio veritatis, consequently, the trial, the sentence of guilty would benull and void and the accused could refuse to answer the questions put forward by the judges on the ground thatthe Inquisitio famae was dispensed with or that the fama publica did not exist previously. The fama publica e-volved into the public prosecutor in Continental and the Grand jury in England respectively.

Key words: Medieval of Western Europe, Inquisition, Accuser, Fama Publica