摘要：

死者“人格”的保护模式有直接与间接之分，我国及比较法均无统一立场。但权利（能力）存在“始于出生、终于死亡”的生死机理，法律对胎儿、著作“人格权”、财产继承及“身后自主权”的保护均不构成例外。人死之后不能享有任何权益，但其生前形象作为符号世界的一部分，具有认识论和实践论上的双重公益；同时，死者近亲属与后代享有祭奠、追思的利益。死者“人格”的保护范围应限于维护死者生前形象的“名誉”，请求权基础则可在民法体系内解决：《民法典》第994条具有基础地位，第185条则起补充作用，旨在通过公益诉讼保护无近亲属的英雄烈士。《民法典》应将具有重大贡献的历史人物通过漏洞填补的方式纳入第185条的保护范围。

关键词: 死者人格, 权利能力, 公共利益, 英雄烈士, 历史人物

Abstract:

The mode of protection for posthumous personality is either direct or indirect，and there is no unified position in China or comparative law.However，the rule of legal capacity “begins at birth and annihilates when dead” constitutes the mechanism of life-and-death for civil rights，and the protection of fetus，author’s personality right，inheritance of property and“posthumous autonomy right”are not exceptions.The dead cannot enjoy any rights and interests，but his living image as a part of the symbolic world constitutes the dual public welfare under cognitive theory and practical theory.At the same time，the deceased relatives and future generations have their interests for remembrance.The scope of protection of posthumous“personality”should be limited to maintaining the “reputation” of the image of the deceased，and the basis of the right of claim can be solved within the civil law system：Article 994 of the Civil Code has a basic status，while Article 185 complements the provisions aimed at protecting heroic martyrs without close relatives through public interest litigation.The Civil Code should include historical figures who have made significant contributions to the protection of article 185 by filling loopholes.

Key words: Posthumous Personality, Legal Capacity, Public Interest, Martyrs and Heroic Martyrs, Historical Figures