摘要： 我国立法及学说均将帮助侵权视为共同侵权,并对帮助人课以连带责任。该观点无法覆盖实行行为与帮助行为多样的结合方式与责任形态。据此,应将帮助侵权类型化,重构其归责要件。形态一为共同侵权,实行人与帮助人承担连带责任。归责上要求二者形成意思联络,且帮助人的故意指向实行行为欲求达成的损害结果。形态二为无意思联络的数人侵权,实行人与帮助人构成直接/间接结合,承担连带/按份/全部与部分结合的混合责任。归责上要求损害结果落入帮助人意志追求或可预见的范围,且帮助行为与损害结果之间构成相当因果关系。形态三是共同侵权与无意思联络数人侵权之间的中间形态,帮助人仍与实行人承担连带责任。归责上要求帮助人对损害结果抱有明确故意,且帮助行为通过对实行行为的促进效应,与损害结果之间构成要素因果关系。

关键词: 帮助侵权, 共同侵权, 要素因果关系, 直接结合, 间接结合

Abstract: Our legislation and doctrine treat the infringement of assistance as joint infringement and impose joint liability on the helper.This view does not cover the various forms of combination and liability between the act of commission and assistance.Accordingly, the infringement of assistance should be typified and the elements of liability reconstructed.The first form is joint infringement, where the perpetrator and the helper are jointly liable.This requires that the two parties form an intentional link and that the intention of the helper is directed towards the result of the damage sought to be achieved by the perpetrator.The second form is the tort of several persons without intentional contact, where the perpetrator and the helper form adirect/indirect union and are jointly/partially/combined liable.This requires that the result of the damage falls within the will of the helper or is foreseeable and that there is a substantial causal link between the helping act and the result of the damage.The third form is an intermediate form between joint infringement and unintentional infringement, where the helper remains jointly liable with the perpetrator.This requires that the helper has a clear intent to cause the damage and that the contributory effect of the conduct constitutes an elemental causal link to the result of the damage.

Key words: Infringement of Assistance, Joint Infringement, Elemental Causation, Dual Causation, Indirect Causation