摘要： 《民法典》第157条不仅一体规定了法律行为无效、被撤销情况下的返还规则,而且还一体规定了法律行为无效、被撤销之后的折价补偿、损失赔偿以及与有过失等法律效果。《民法典合同编通则解释》第24条、第25条对于一体规则进行了较为区分细化的解释。首先,财产返还规则应当与损害赔偿规则彻底分离,而合同无效财产返还规则仍可一体规定,其独立存在有其正当性基础。其次,取得财产返还请求权应被区分细化为三种请求权,即所得返还请求权、代位物返还请求权以及用益返还请求权。所得返还的对象为得利债务人通过给付或者其他方式而获得的具体客体;在代位物返还时,原则上也不考虑代位物的价值;得利债务人出卖无原因所得之物获得的对价并非代位物,也无须返还,原则上,得利债务人只负有返还实际收取用益的义务。最后,在得利不能返还或没有必要返还的情况下,得利债务人得进行折价补偿。折价补偿的估价标准主要是得利人所得、用益的客观价值。在按照给付性质不能返还的情况下,所得的时点以及因此最早的折价补偿请求权产生的时点为估价时点。而在债务人取得的标的物嗣后返还不能的情况下,估价时点为返还不能或者在此基础上的折价补偿请求权产生的时点。《民法典合同编通则解释》第24条第1款后半句也允许采取其他合理方式计算的,折价补偿的估价标准主要是得利人所得以及用益的客观价值。

关键词: 合同无效, 取得财产返还, 代位物返还, 用益返还, 折价补偿

Abstract: Article 157 of China's Civil Code regulates not only the restitution rule, but also the indemnification rule, compensation rule, comparative negligence rule, etc, when a legal transaction is invalid or revoked.Article 24 and 25 of Judicial Interpretation of General Rules of Contracts of China's Civil Code make a more elaborate explanation of article 157 of China's Civil Code.Firstly, the restitution rules should be separated outrightly from compensation rules, and rules concerning restitution of contract can be stipulated into one rule since its independent existence has justifications.Secondly, restitution of property acquired by the invalid or revoked legal act can be differentiated into three claims, including restitution of the enrichment, restitution of subrogation properties and restitution of uses.The object of restitution is the specific object received by the debtor of enrichment through payment or other means; in the restitution of subrogation properties, in principle, the value of subrogation properties is not taken into account; the consideration obtained by the debtor of enrichment by selling the object of enrichment is not subrogation property, and is not required to be returned.In principle, the debtor of enrichment has the obligation to return only the uses actually received.Lastly, in case of impossibility or unnecessity of restitution, debtor should make indemnification.The criterion for the valuation of indemnification is mainly the objective value of uses received by debtor of enrichment.When the restitution's impossibility is due to the nature of performance, the time of enrichment and the arising of the earliest claim of indemnification is the time for the valuing of indemnification.As to a subsequent impossibility restitution, the time of valuation is the time of impossibility or the arising of indemnification due to the impossibility.Other reasonable valuating methods are also allowed according to the second half sentence of paragraph 1 of article 24 of Judicial Interpretation of General Rules of Contracts of China's Civil Code.

Key words: Invalid Contract, Restitution, Restitution of Subrogation Properties, Restitution of Use, Indemnification