摘要： 在直接民主审判模式下的古希腊时期，由演说家担任的“演说写手”和“辩护帮助人”未能在法庭辩护的活动中形成一门固定有序的职业，律师职业被扼杀于摇篮之中。在罗马共和国时期和帝国初期，随着诉讼程序的不断发展，陆续产生了由演说家担任的诉讼代表、诉讼代理人和由法学家担任的法律顾问，帮助当事人进行诉讼，他们被统称为“诉讼保护人”。至罗马帝国中晚期，国家公权力对司法诉讼的干预日益强化，执法官的专业化使得法庭演说家迅速成长起来。他们学习专业的法律知识，并肩负起法学家的法律咨询功能，还组建了自己的职业团体，以提供公共服务为主要职能，律师由此正式成为一门职业。这是国家政权认可法治观念、司法诉讼制度不断发展以及法律制度日益完备的历史产物。

关键词: 律师, 职业化, 演说家, 法庭辩护, 诉讼程序

Abstract: Ancient Greek period is characterized by the direct democracy trial pattern, where the orators, who worked as the the “λογóγραφοζ ” and “συνóγοροζ ”, failed to form a fixed and specialized profession in the court defense, and the lawyer profession was killed in the cradle.During the period of the Roman Republic and the early years of the Empire, the increasing development of the legal procedure, successively, produced cognitor, procurator and juris consulti, who assisted litigants during the litigation.They were collectively referred to as “patroni causarum”.During the middle and the late stage of the Roman Empire, the public power intervention on the judicial proceeding was increasingly strengthened, and the specialization of the magistrates determined the rapid growth of the forensic orators.They studied professional legal knowledge, and supported the jurist's legal advisory function, and they also set up their own professional groups with the main function of providing a public service.The lawyer officially became a profession.And this historical productis the consequence of the following three elements：the national state power recognition of the rule of law,  the development of the judicial litigation system,  and the unceasingly day by day growth of the legal system.

Key words: Lawyer, Professional Orator, Court Defense, Legal Process, Ancient Rome