摘要： 在人工智能技术得到广泛运用的今天,对过失犯的认定远比工业社会复杂。离开人的人工智能技术运用是不可能实施的,过失犯论所要面对的,应该是“人机混合”的智能难题。合理的过失犯论应当超越学派论争,肯定问题思考比体系思考更加重要,将结果回避可能性作为评价重心,从而终结纯粹的学理争论。预见可能性是履行结果回避义务的前提,人工智能技术运用场景下的预见可能性既不是相当具体的预见,也不是不安感,而是确定性程度更低、难以被特定化的低度危险预见,由此才能平衡好鼓励创新和避免重大事故之间的关系。人工智能时代过失犯的核心是风险掌控问题,即设计程序、制造产品者能否有效控制、回避风险,为防止人工智能技术运用风险而设计出当时技术条件下具有合理性、系统性的相关方案,风险排除预设义务的履行是现代信息社会过失犯论的特色所在。信息收集义务之上的风险排除预设义务由此成为结果回避义务的核心内容。对于人工智能时代过失犯罪的认定,必须认真对待处罚限定问题,认可允许的危险的法理和信赖原则,从而在过失犯领域贯彻刑法谦抑性。

关键词: 过失犯论, 人工智能, 信息收集义务, 风险排除预设义务, 刑法谦抑性

Abstract: Today, when artificial intelligence technology is widely used, unpredictable risks have increased greatly, and the identification of culprits is far more complicated than in industrial society.It is impossible to implement the application of artificial intelligence technology without people.What the theory of negligent crime must face is the intelligent problem of “human-machine hybrid”.A reasonable theory of negligent offense should transcend school disputes, affirm that problem thinking is more important than system thinking, and regard the possibility of avoiding results as the focus of evaluation, thereby ending pure academic disputes.The possibility of foresight is the prerequisite for fulfilling the obligation to avoid the prohibited result.The possibility of foresight in the application scenario of artificial intelligence technology is neither a fairly specific foresight nor a sense of uneasiness, but a low-level danger foresight that is less certain and difficult to be customized.Only in this way can the relationship between encouraging innovation and avoiding major accidents be balanced.The core of negligent offenders in the era of artificial intelligence is the issue of risk control, that is, whether those who design procedures and manufacture products can effectively control and avoid risks.In order to prevent the use of artificial intelligence technology, relevant plans that are reasonable and systematic under the technical conditions at that time are designed.The performance of presupposed obligations of risk elimination is the characteristic of the theory of negligent offenders in the modern information society.The presupposed obligation of risk elimination above the obligation of information collection has thus become the core content of the obligation of consequence avoidance.Regarding the identification of negligent crimes in the era of artificial intelligence, we must seriously treat the issue of penalty limitation, recognize the legal principle and trust principle of permissible dangers, and implement the moderation of criminal law in the field of negligent crimes.

Key words: Negligent Offense Theory, Artificial Intelligence, Information Collection Obligation, Risk Elimination Presupposition Obligation, Criminal Law Moderation