摘要： 《中华人民共和国民法典》第1198条要求经营场所经营者、公共场所管理人、群众性活动组织者积极采取合理防范措施避免他人人身财产遭受侵害,属于《中华人民共和国民法典》第1165条第1款的特别规定。由于本条是立法者对特定主体承担安全保障义务提出的特别要求,主体范围被限定,具有法定性与封闭性的特征。防范第三人故意致害的安全保障义务取决于安保义务人开启社会活动是否提升了故意侵权的实质风险。在安全保障义务的判断上,由于义务内容的复杂多样,判断标准无法整齐划一,应该提炼出供法官在个案中具体认定的参考因素。在介入第三人侵权时,安保义务人的不作为仅仅是未能阻断第三人致害,单独情况下不足以造成损害,补充责任的构造具有合理性。补充责任的适用条件是未尽安全保障义务的不作为属于轻过失且是致害的间接原因,责任基础的薄弱使安保义务人的责任承担存在顺位限制及范围限制。补充责任顺位限制的实现不在诉讼阶段而在执行阶段。

关键词: 安全保障义务, 不作为, 公共场所, 群众性活动, 补充责任

Abstract: Article 1198 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China requires operators of business premises, managers of public places, and organizers of mass activities to actively take reasonable preventive measures to avoid infringement of others' personal and property rights, which is a special provision of Article 1165(1)of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China.Due to the fact that this provision is a special requirement proposed by legislators for specific entities to assume security obligations, the scope of entities is limited and has the characteristics of legality and closure.The obligation to prevent intentional harm by third parties depends on whether the security obligor's initiation of social activities increases the substantive risk of intentional infringement.In the judgment of security obligations, due to the complexity and diversity of the obligation content, the judgment criteria cannot be uniform, and reference factors should be extracted for judges to specifically determine in individual cases.When intervening in third-party infringement, the inaction of the security obligor only fails to prevent the third party from causing harm, and is not sufficient to cause damage independently.The construction of supplementary liability is reasonable.The applicable conditions for supplementary liability are that the failure to fulfill the obligation of security protection constitutes a minor fault and is an indirect cause of harm.The weak foundation of liability limits the priority and scope of the responsibility of the security obligor.The implementation of supplementary liability is not in the litigation stage but in the execution stage.

Key words: Security Obligations, Inaction, Public Place, Mass Activities, Supplementary Liability