摘要： 外观主义旨在保护因信赖外观权利或者外观授权而与无实际权利的当事人进行交易的相对人,系以牺牲真正权利人的利益为代价保护相对人的交易安全,其正当性应由立法者进行权衡并内化为具体制度,因此裁判者不能脱离具体制度泛化地运用外观主义作为裁判的依据。在现行法上,善意取得、登记对抗、表见代理(代表)等制度都体现了外观主义的法理,但各个制度在法律构造上并不相同,适用范围也各异。司法实践中,外观主义还常常被滥用于一些与交易无关的不动产或股权权属争议案件、执行异议(之诉)案件等,其根本原因在于裁判者误将法律关于权利推定的规定等同于外观主义,从而忽视了权利推定本身的制度逻辑。在执行程序中,执行机关无论是依据不动产登记簿的记载采取强制执行措施,还是针对案外人提出的执行异议作出裁定,都是运用权利推定的结果。而在执行异议之诉或者确权之诉中,尽管登记权利人最终仍有可能被认定为真正权利人,但这并非外观主义作用的结果,而是适用权利变动规则的结果。

关键词: 外观主义, 权利推定, 善意取得, 登记对抗, 表见代理

Abstract: Due to reliance on appearance rights or appearance authorization, Appearance Doctrine aims to protect the counterpart who trades with the party without actual rights.It protects the transaction security of the counterpart at the expense of the interests of party who has the actual right.Its legitimacy should be weighed by the legislator and internalized into a specific system.Therefore, the judge cannot use Appearance Doctrine as the basis for judgment without breaking away from the specific system.In the current law, bona fide acquisition, registration confrontation, Apparent Agency (Representative) and other systems all embody the legal principle of Appearance Doctrine.But they are different in legal structure and the scope of application.In judicial practice, Appearance Doctrine is abused in some cases of disputes over the ownership of real estate or equity that have nothing to do with transactions, and cases of enforcement objections (lawsuits).It is due to that judges mistakenly equates the Rights Presumption with Appearance Doctrine, ignoring the institutional logic of the Rights Presumption itself.In the enforcement procedure, whether the enforcement measures are taken according to the Real Estate Register or the judgments are made on an enforcement objection raised by an outsider, it is the result of the application of the Rights Presumption.In the enforcement objection action or the right confirmation action, although the registered obligee may still be recognized as the real obligee, this is not the result of the Appearance Doctrine, but the result of the application of the right change rule.

Key words: Appearance Doctrine, Rights Presumption, Bona fide Acquisition, Registration Confrontation, Apparent Agency