摘要： 公司治理是诸多合意竞争的结果,股东合同、股东会决议、公司章程等作为公司内部股东合意的不同表现形式,三者在合意目的、合意参与主体、合意方式、合意内容、合意效力上均有明显差异,各自在不同的范围内发生作用,仅在满足特定条件时,才能产生相互替换或者转换的效果。首先,股东合同中存在“目的对立的合同”和“目的一致的合同”两种情况,而公司决议与公司章程所体现的合意,均系“目的一致或者拟制一致的合意”。其次,股东合同的合意主体完全由拟签约的主体自由选择;但公司决议和公司章程的合意主体则具有法定性。再次,股东合同之合意方式最为自由,完全适用合同法有关合意方式之规定,而公司决议所彰显的合意方式表现为一系列固化的“集体行为”与“书面形式”,公司章程的制定和修改均为要式行为,具有“绝对书面性”的特点。又次,在合意内容上,股东合同则贯彻更多的私法自治,内容相对自由。然公司决议/公司章程则在内容上,应遵守法律法规的在先约束,仅可嵌入“有限的自由事项”。最后,在合意之效力上,股东合同、公司决议与公司章程不一致时,应采取区分主义逻辑识别不同文件的优先效力。违反强制性规定或者善良风俗的股东合意一律无效,不产生相互替代和转换的效果。在特定情形下,按照时间优先、决议优先、章程优先的方式处理相关冲突。

关键词: 公司, 股东, 合意, 合同, 决议, 章程, 效力

Abstract: Corporate governance is the outcome of competition among various agreements.As different manifestations of shareholder consensus within a company, shareholder agreements, shareholders' resolutions, and the articles of association differ significantly in their purpose, parties, formation, content, and legal effect.Each operates within its own distinct scope, and only under specific conditions can they substitute for or be converted into one another.First, shareholder agreements encompass two types:“contracts with opposing objectives” and “contracts with aligned objectives”.In contrast, the consensus embodied in corporate resolutions and articles of association invariably represents an “agreement with aligned or constructively aligned objectives”.Second, the parties to a shareholder agreement are freely chosen by the intending signatories; however, the participants in corporate resolutions and the articles of association are statutorily prescribed.Third, the mode of forming a shareholder agreement is the most flexible and is fully subject to the provisions of contract law concerning the formation of agreements.In contrast, the consensus manifested in a corporate resolution takes the form of a series of formalized “collective actions” and “written instruments.” The creation and amendment of the articles of association are formal acts, characterized by “absolute written form”.Furthermore, with respect to content, shareholder agreements embody a greater degree of private autonomy and are relatively unrestricted.Corporate resolutions and the articles of association, however, must comply with the pre-existing constraints of laws and regulations, and may only incorporate “limited discretionary matters”.Finally, regarding legal effect, when a shareholder agreement, a corporate resolution, and the articles of association are inconsistent, a differentiation-based approach should be adopted to determine the priority of the different documents.Any shareholder consensus that violates mandatory legal provisions or public order and good morals is void ab initio and cannot be subject to substitution or conversion.In certain circumstances, conflicts should be resolved by applying the principles of priority in time, priority of resolutions, and priority of articles of association.

Key words: Company, Shareholder, Consensus, Agreement, Resolution, Articles of Association, Legal Effect